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Shocking SA port ranking rings alarm bells for fruit industry (Food For Mzansi)
Cape Town’s port has been officially ranked as the worst-performing port in the world, according to the global Container Port Performance Index. Experts in the fruit industry said this ranking is causing concern because it damages South Africa’s reputation as a country that exports goods. The index, developed by the World Bank and S&P Global Market Intelligence, ranks all the ports worldwide based on their performance. What is worse, it is not just Cape Town. All four of South Africa’s container ports are ranked poorly on this index, with Cape Town being the lowest at 405th place out of 405 ports listed.
According to Roelf Pienaar, managing director of Tru-Cape Fruit Marketing, they are extremely worried about the situation, which should be considered a significant barrier to trade. “An efficient and resilient port is key to the success of our industry,” Pienaar remarked, adding that the company is only about halfway through the current season’s exports.
According to industry body Hortgro’s estimates, the export apple and pear crop will increase by 6% and 5% this year, respectively. The majority of the fruit is supposed to leave the country through the port of Cape Town but due to the logistical challenges, costly alternatives, such as transporting fruit via road to Qgeberha and exporting from there, are implemented.
Related:
South African ports ranked among worst in the world (BusinessTech)
Transnet meets with world bank to rectify factual errors in port index (Moneyweb)
Asian ports reign as top performers (Port Technology International)
How resilient ports can mitigate global supply chain disruptions (World Bank Blog)
Recovery in logistics sector continued in April despite ports being lashed by storms (Engineering News)
After declining in the first two months of the year, the Ctrack Transport and Freight Index (Ctrack TFI) continued its momentum in April to reach a level of 123.4 – an increase of 2.8% compared with March. This is also 1.5% above the levels seen a year ago.
Except for two subsectors that declined – sea freight, and storage and warehousing – activity in all other subsectors advanced on a monthly basis, led by notable increases in air freight and road freight. Similarly, compared with a year earlier, four subsectors increased during April, while only the road freight and pipeline transport subsectors declined. The heavily weighted road freight subsector – which has jumped in recent years and now accounts for 83.6% of all freight payload in South Africa – recovered in April.
Strengthening China-Kenya Economic Cooperation for Sustainable Development (Africa24.it)
The recent China-Kenya Economic, Trade, and Investment Cooperation roundtable in Nairobi marked a significant milestone in the collaborative efforts between the two nations. The event, organized by the Alliance of Chinese Business in Africa for Social Responsibilities (ACBASR) and the Kenya China Economic and Trade Association (KCETA), brought together government officials and business leaders to enhance economic ties and cooperation.
The strategic partnership agreement signed during the roundtable demonstrates a joint commitment to fostering economic and trade exchanges between Kenya and China. The collaboration aims to promote investment projects, facilitate trade, and deepen cooperation for mutual benefit.
The forum highlighted the importance of enhancing manufacturing capabilities in Kenya, with a target to increase the sector’s contribution to GDP significantly by 2030. Chinese enterprises were encouraged to explore investment opportunities in key sectors such as agribusiness, renewable energy, infrastructure, and steel production.
See also: Finland, Kenya ties to boost Africa trade (Business Daily)
US urges Kenya to tighten rules on wildlife trafficking (The East African)
The US wants Kenya to tighten rules on environmental protection and conserving natural resources as negotiations for a new trade deal between the two nations intensify. In the latest third set of proposed texts in the targeted trade deal, the US is seeking greater commitment from Kenya to strengthen laws and rules on environmental protection with a key focus on conserving natural resources.
“The proposed text includes provisions to address air quality, marine litter, and plastic pollution, to combat wildlife trafficking, to promote sustainable forest management, to conserve marine species, and to prevent the loss of biodiversity,” the office of the US Trade Representative wrote in the summary of its proposals on environment chapter. “The proposed text also includes provisions on fisheries-related matters, such as addressing illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing and fisheries subsidies that contribute to overfishing and overcapacity.”
The teams negotiating a new trade deal between Kenya and the US will listen to views from stakeholders in the wake of Washington tabling fresh texts on mitigating pollution, fighting wildlife trafficking and addressing unregulated fishing.
Senegal joins oil-producing nations with launch of first offshore field (RFI)
Senegal has joined the ranks of oil-producing nations with Australian company Woodside Energy on Tuesday announcing the start of production in the West African country’s first offshore project. After several years of delay, Woodside said it had begun extracting oil from the offshore Sangomar field, about 100 kilometres south of the capital Dakar. The floating facility has a storage capacity of 1.3 million barrels. At a depth of 780 metres, it contains both oil and gas and is expected to produce between 100,000 and 125,000 barrels per day.
While Senegal’s fossil fuel output is not expected to be as high as that of bigger producers such as Nigeria, there are hopes the oil and gas industry will bring billions of dollars in revenue to the country and contribute to transforming its economy. The extracted oil, meeting European and Asian market standards, is intended for export and the national market.
Nigeria: Key Recommendations from the Presidential Fiscal Policy and Tax Reforms Committee (Proshare)
The Presidential Fiscal Policy and Tax Reforms Committee, led by Mr Taiwo Oyedele, have made bold and audacious recommendations to transform the Nigerian business environment and economic landscape. If implemented, these recommendations will have far-reaching economic implications.
The Committee is recommending broad-based Priority Sector Incentives to guarantee sector-based, tenured and transparent incentives for businesses that are targeted at promoting economic development. The Committee also recommends the following changes to the VAT and Excise Duties, among others: Zero-rated list expanded to include agriculture, medical and educational and other basic consumptions, and Exports of services and intellectual property to be zero rates
World Bank, Trade Ministry partner NSC to tackle multiple-inspection border posts (Tribune Online)
The Ministry of Trade and Investment, alongside the World Bank and the Nigeria Shippers’ Council (NSC), have identified simplified trade processes and procedures at the seaports, across states and regional borders as imperative for economic growth. Speaking recently when the Enhanced National Trade Facilitation Committee and representatives of the World Bank visited the NSC in Lagos, the Minister of Trade and Investment, Dr. Doris Udoka-Anite explained that the benefits of achieving harmonised, standardised and simplified trading processes and procedures are immense and cannot be over-stated.
Udoka-Anite, who was represented by an Assistant Director in the Office of the Minister, Dr. Brenda Max-Nduagube, noted that trade facilitation has been a focal point of discussions at national, regional and international levels. “This is ever more important to small and medium-scale enterprises where the NTFC helps create a more business-friendly environment for SMEs venturing into global markets. This translates to increased competitiveness, growth potential and a more level playfield,” the Minister stated.
Guinea partners with UNCTAD to boost e-commerce sector growth (Innovation Village)
The Republic of Guinea is taking proactive steps to expedite the expansion of its e-commerce sector by seeking a collaborative partnership with the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The move towards this strategic alliance was initiated during conversations held at the World Summit on the Information Society in Geneva, involving Guinea’s Minister of Posts, Telecommunications, and Digital Economy and the Director of Technology, Innovation, and Research at UNCTAD.
A press statement issued by the Guinean ministry highlighted that the primary objective of these discussions was to deliberate on potential cooperative efforts between Guinea and UNCTAD, with a particular focus on bolstering e-commerce. During the meeting, the Guinean Minister provided an overview of the nation’s digital landscape, acknowledging the existing hurdles while also emphasizing the promising opportunities for advancement in the digital arena.
One of the key requests from Guinea was for UNCTAD’s expertise in crafting a regulatory framework conducive to the growth of e-commerce. Additionally, Guinea sought assistance in enhancing the digital competencies of its citizens through specialized technical training programs.
Senegal: Tax Reforms Can Boost Revenues for Social Equity (World Bank)
According to the World Bank’s 2024 Economic Update for Senegal, economic growth in the country proved resilient in 2023 amid political tensions and persistent, albeit declining, inflation. The country’s vibrant primary and secondary sectors supported economic activity despite disruptions in the services sector and a slowdown in export growth. The growth rate stood at 4.3%, up from 3.8% in 2022.
“The new authorities’ desire to strengthen transparency and public financial management is an opportunity to bolster Senegal’s positive medium-term economic outlook. This outlook is, however, contingent in the short term on a commitment to fiscal consolidation and the implementation of transformative reforms that underpin macroeconomic stability,” noted Keiko Miwa, World Bank Country Director for Cabo Verde, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, and Senegal.
Benin-Niger oil export row flares again (DW)
Tensions between neighboring West African nations Benin and Niger are escalating amid a deepening dispute over oil exports. This latest flare in tensions comes as Niger accused Benin of kidnapping five of its nationals. Landlocked Niger relies on Benin’s Seme port to export its crude oil, which flows to Benin through an almost 2,000-kilometer (1,200-mile) Chinese-built pipeline from its Agadem oil field. Benin authorities arrested the Nigerien citizens at its Seme port last week after they illegally entered the port, where the storage tanks for the cross-border pipeline are located.
“We are no longer going to send our oil through the pipeline until the Beninese decide to honor their commitment,” Niger’s petroleum minister Mahamane Moustapha Barke said following the arrests. According to African Energy, stopping the oil flow would deprive Benin of oil transit fees worth $31 million (€28.9 million) a year.
Chad Seeks UNECA Collaboration to Boost Digital Transformation (We are Tech)
The Chadian government launched an ambitious Strategic Plan for Digital and Postal Development in 2020, demonstrating its commitment to bridging the country’s technological gap. Chad’s Minister of Communications, Digital Economy, and Administration Digitalization, Boukar Michel, met with United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) Executive Secretary Claver Gatete on the sidelines of the ICANN80 summit in Kigali, Rwanda, on June 10th.
The discussion centered on fostering collaboration to address key challenges and unlock opportunities in Chad’s digital sector. Minister Michel presented the country’s Strategic Plan for Digital and Postal Development 2020-2030 (PSDNP) and the new president’s digital policy platform. This presentation, according to a ministry statement, aimed to showcase Chad’s digital ambitions and priorities, outlining both completed and planned initiatives.
The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Commission has on Monday 10th June 2024, launched the National Platform for the ECOWAS Cross-Border Cooperation Support Programme 2023 – 2027 In Praia, Cabo Verde.
“The ECOWAS Cross-border Cooperation support programme is not for a few of the Member States, but it’s for all the Member States”, Director of Free Movement of Persons and Migration, Mr. Albert Siaw-Boateng, stressed, adding that the programme actually started all the way back from 2006 and has had several phases with the last phase being from 2023 to 2027.
He went further to explain that the programme started with nine (9) Member States namely Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal and Togo, and each received a grant of $100,000 to implement projects they had identified. “The programme is now extended it to Cabo Verde, Liberia and Sierra Leone”, the Director of Free Movement, gladly informed.
For Coordinator of the ECOWAS National Unit, Dr Isa Morais, Cabo Verde joining the Cross-Border Cooperation programme would enable the implementation of the project “Strengthening Opportunities and Fostering Integration: Regular Stay, Economic Activity and Social Participation of Immigrants from ECOWAS Countries in Cape Verde”, which she argued that offers the opportunity to improve the living conditions of ECOWAS nationals in Cabo Verde.
Africa sees rise in e-commerce, digital marketplace (DW)
Africans are gradually embracing the convenience of online shopping. However, this trend is still in its early stages in Africa, compared with more established markets such as Asia, Europe and the United States. Projections by the McKinsey Global Institute suggest that by 2025, e-commerce could account for 10% of all retail sales in Africa’s largest economies: Nigeria, South Africa and Egypt.
But according to experts, though the e-commerce sector holds significant potential in Africa, it faces challenges related to cultural and logistical factors. These considerations are crucial when customizing products and services to align with local preferences.
Internet penetration has grown in Africa, with around 570 million internet users in 2022 — a number that more than doubled compared to 2015, according to statista. But for e-commerce to thrive on the continent, some barriers need to be addressed.
Fiber-optic leap bridges African digital divide (DW)
Tech companies such as Google and Facebook parent Meta are investing in new data highways and speeds for Africa. The first Google Cloud data center on the African continent has been up and running since January in Johannesburg, South Africa. “The big US tech giants have recognized the existing connectivity gaps and the need for additional investment associated with this as a major business opportunity,” Tevin Tafese, data scientist at the German Institute of Global and Area Studies, told DW.
Google had committed $1 billion in 2022 to driving Africa’s digital transformation, including undersea cables for faster internet connections. One of the projects is called Umoja — named after the Swahili word for unity — and aims to be the first ever fiber-optic cable connecting Africa directly to Australia.
“It is expected that these projects will significantly improve internet access in Africa, speed up the connection and reduce prices,” said Tafese, pointing out that reliable internet access leads to increased productivity and higher rates of employment.
Africa-Asia Air Cargo Demand Leads Global Markets in April 2024 (360 Mozambique)
In an impressive development, airlines in the Africa-Asia corridor have reported a substantial surge in cargo demand, outperforming their counterparts in North America and the Middle East. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) revealed these findings in its latest sector report, highlighting the dynamic shifts in global air cargo trends for April 2024. This robust performance is indicative of the growing economic ties and the burgeoning trade between Africa and Asia, presenting new opportunities and challenges in the global air freight industry.
In April 2024, air cargo demand in the Africa-Asia market soared by an astounding 25.8% year-on-year. This growth was supported by an 18.7% year-on-year increase in capacity, indicating that airlines in the region are not only experiencing higher demand but are also expanding their capabilities to meet this demand. This increase underscores the strengthening trade links and the rising economic activities between these two regions. The growth in cargo demand is not merely a reflection of increased trade volumes but also signifies improvements in logistics infrastructure and air connectivity across Africa and Asia.
The diversification of supply chains post-pandemic has seen many companies looking towards Africa for raw materials and manufacturing opportunities. This shift has naturally increased the demand for air cargo services, which offer faster and more reliable transport options compared to sea freight.
ECOWAS Reviews the Implementation of the New Transit Procedure and SIGMAT in Member States (ECOWAS)
The Directorate of Customs Union and Taxation of the ECOWAS Commission has organised a meeting on the New ECOWAS Transit Procedure from June 10th to 13th, 2024 in Abuja, Nigeria to review the implementation of the Abidjan roadmap and take stock of the implementation of the Interconnected System for the Management of Goods in Transit (SIGMAT) in member States and examining the draft transit manual of procedures among others.
In his opening remarks, Nafi Isiyaku, Comptroller Trade Facilitation, Preferential Trade and AfCFTA of the Nigeria Customs Service and Chairman of the meeting, stressed that transit procedures constitute a crucial component of customs operations and trade facilitation. He encouraged delegates to propose actionable proposals and recommendations to enable Member States leverage on the Economic integration of the Region.
The President of the AfCFTA Young Entrepreneurs Federation (AfYEF), a pan-African youth-centered organization has called on policymakers to intensify efforts to abolish all trade barriers affecting trade across the continent. Prince Siita Sofo Hissan mentioned VISA restrictions and high import duties as top of the challenges hindering the progress of trade in the African continent, urging African leaders to work towards removing such restrictions, especially in trade among African countries. He believes this will help young African business owners advance trade among themselves and thus lead to economic growth across the continent.
Prince Siita who was speaking at an event to mark the third-anniversary celebration of the AfYEF on Monday said such restrictions defeat the purpose of establishing the AfCFTA which aims at ensuring free trade among Africans. “Our vision is to see a continent where young entrepreneurs and women in trade can thrive and contribute to economic growth and development,” he said.
Namibia to host SADC parliamentary meeting (The Namibian)
The African Group of Negotiators Experts Support (AGNES) has announced plans to host its second southern Africa parliamentarian regional meeting in Namibia. The two-day event, scheduled from 31 July to 2 August, will focus on strengthening the capacity of national parliaments to oversee climate action accountability and reporting. This initiative builds upon the success of AGNES’ inaugural southern Africa meeting held with Botswana’s National Assembly in September 2023.
AGNES research associate Shadrack Arum underscores the critical role parliaments play in implementing climate mitigation measures. He emphasises the importance of fostering collaboration between policymakers, experts and negotiators to enhance regional climate adaptation strategies. Arum notes that national parliaments serve as linchpins in addressing climate change through their core functions – representation, oversight, legislation and budget approval.
“We aim to develop model climate change laws adaptable by member states, as many face hurdles in crafting their own legislation. Equipping lawmakers with the necessary tools is paramount to achieving these goals,” says Arum.
FAO pledges US$10 million for SADC to support 13 million people affected by drought and floods (Namibia Economist)
The SADC region faces a humanitarian crisis because of the ongoing El Niño induced drought and floods that are negatively impacting the lives and livelihoods of millions of people in the region. Across the southern half of the region, many areas experienced significant crop water deficits resulting in reduced crop production while Malawi, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe have declared states of national disaster due to the drought. According to the SADC El Nino Appeal, an estimated 60 million people in Southern Africa are food insecure.
Noting the multifaceted and cascading impact of El Niño across multiple sectors, especially Agriculture and Livelihood Security, Food Security, Nutrition, Health, Water, and Energy, SADC Member States during the Extra-Ordinary Virtual Summit of SADC Heads of State and Government on El Niño induced drought and floods, held in May this year, launched the SADC Regional Humanitarian Appeal of US$5.5 billion and called for coordinated, integrated, and harmonized interventions to address the adverse impact of El Niño.
To meet the urgent humanitarian needs in the affected Member States and communities, FAO developed a US$ 360 million El Nino Regional Response and Preparedness Plan (ERRP) that aims to provide humanitarian support to 13 million people in Southern Africa mostly affected by the El Nino droughts and floods. “We know that the actual needs in the Member States far exceed this. The FAO ERRP takes cognizance of the potential for early smallholder farmer recovery through the harnessing of off-season food production avenues as well as harnessing the opportunities for better crop performance through the forecasted La Niña,” said Patrice Talla, FAO Subregional Coordinator for Southern Africa.
Strengthening financial systems for sustainable development in Africa (UNECA)
In a significant step toward bolstering public finance systems, experts and stakeholders from across Africa gathered today for a workshop on Integrated National Financing Frameworks (INFFs). The two-day event at the United Nations (UN) Conference Center in Addis Ababa aims to strategize on mobilizing and utilizing financial resources to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Africa.
First introduced in the 2015 Addis Ababa Action Agenda, INFFs are designed to strengthen public and private financing for sustainable development. They align financing policies with national development plans, fostering collaboration between public and private sectors. Africa is at the forefront of this initiative, with over 40 governments embracing the approach.
In her opening remarks, Zuzana Schwidsowski, Director of the Macroeconomics and Governance Division at the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), called for immediate action. “We are entering an era of poly-crises, characterized by multiple shocks, including pandemics, climate change, and economic and financial stresses,” she said. “These challenges jeopardize our progress in sustainable development. The need to raise financial resources to accelerate SDG implementation is more urgent now, given that we are less than seven years from attaining Agenda 2030.”
Ms Schwidsowski highlighted the severe financing gap, estimated to range from $200 billion to $1.3 trillion annually, as detailed in the ECA’s Economic Report on Africa 2020. She stressed the importance of domestic resource mobilization and the role of INFFs in integrating national plans with available resources.
The AU and ILRI set to develop first-ever guidelines to help African governments (Farmers Review Africa)
New guidelines to support African governments to improve food safety across the continent’s vast informal food sector are set to be developed for the first time. The African Union (AU) and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) have joined forces to produce the first framework for addressing the unique challenges faced by a vital but often overlooked informal food sector.
Africa’s informal sector is critical for food security, employment, and livelihoods, particularly for the continent’s urban poor. Roughly 70 percent of Africa’s urban households buy food from informal markets, which includes street vendors, kiosks, and traditional market sellers, among others.
However, food safety in Africa’s domestic markets, including informal markets, has been historically neglected, or mismanaged. Some 90 million Africans become sick from foodborne illness every year, costing an estimated US$16 billion in productivity losses. In comparison, the international community invests just US$55 million per year in food safety projects on the continent.
The new guidelines seek to reflect the realities of African food systems to improve the ways in which African governments engage with the informal sector in their efforts to improve the safety of foods. Embracing and engaging with the informal food sector as a cornerstone of food systems transformation is likely to play a key role in the post-Malabo agenda.
Trade and development then and now: Key trends over the decades (UNCTAD)
Developing countries have greatly increased their participation in global trade over the past six decades since UN Trade and Development’s creation. From 1964 to 2023 their share of world merchandise trade rose from 22% to 44%. While regional disparities persist and not all countries have benefited equally – the least developed countries’ share is under 1% – trade has generated unprecedented prosperity overall.
While developing countries have long been major loading points for goods carried by sea, their share of the goods unloaded has climbed, surpassing 50% in 2011 and peaking at 61% in 2020. This trend reflects their growing role as consumers in the global market. It also highlights their increased participation in global value chains since merchandise imports include semi-finished goods. However, this participation varies, with Asia, particularly China and neighboring East Asian economies, being the primary contributors.
AGOA: 25 Years of US-Africa Mutual Benefit (BORGEN)
The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), enacted in 2000, grants African countries with certain criteria access to more than 1,800 duty-free products in the United States (U.S.). AGOA plays a crucial role in fostering economic growth and reform across Africa. From 2017 to 2020, the U.S. ranked among Africa’s top three largest export destinations, alongside the European Union (EU) and within Africa’s intercontinental trade. This legislation exemplifies the mutual benefits AGOA provides to both Africa and the U.S.
Discussions around the AGOA are intensifying as it approaches renewal this year. Initially enacted for 15 years, Congress extended AGOA for another decade, with the current term ending in 2025. Senators Chris Coons (D-Del.) and James Risch (R-Idaho) introduced the renewal bill, which reached the Senate floor in September 2023. The Senate Finance Committee is reviewing the bill, and AGOA will expire this year without further action.
Over its 25-year history, the AGOA has significantly boosted the imports and exports of qualifying countries, particularly in textiles and apparel exports to the U.S. Kenya, a major contributor, sends 67.6% of its textile exports to the U.S., illustrating the act’s quality of mutual benefit between Africa and the U.S. Under the act, Kenya’s export sales soared from $55 million to $603 million over the last 23 years. Ethiopia, Mauritius, Lesotho, Ghana and Madagascar have also experienced substantial growth in this export category.
Export-import bank sees future of African-Caribbean trade and commerce (Barbados Today)
If the Caribbean and Africa put the same kind of effort into expanding trade as they did in cooperating to secure vaccines during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, more African and Caribbean products would be exchanged across the Atlantic and on both regions’ supermarket shelves.
Okechukwu Ihejirika, the acting chief operating officer of the Africa Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank) CARICOM office in Barbados, is not only convinced of that, but he is confident that when the 31st Afreximbank Annual Meetings (AAM) and the third edition of the AfriCaribbean Trade and Investment Forum (ACTIF2024) take place in the Bahamas this week, solutions will be found to the challenges that prevent the expansion of trade.
In an interview with Barbados TODAY ahead of the joint event which begins on Wednesday, Ihejirika was passionate about his vision for enhanced trade between the two regions. Asked why he believed this had not become a reality, he first referred to Africa and the Caribbean overcoming logistical challenges to ensure citizens got much-needed vaccines in 2021.
Progress on basic energy access reverses for first time in a decade (IEA)
A new report by the International Energy Agency (IEA), the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), the World Bank, and the World Health Organization (WHO), released today, finds that the world remains off course to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 for energy by 2030.
SDG 7 is to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy. The goal includes reaching universal access to electricity and clean cooking, doubling historic levels of efficiency improvements, and substantially increasing the share of renewables in the global energy mix. Attaining this goal will have a deep impact on people’s health and well-being, helping to protect them from environmental and social risks such as air pollution, and expanding access to primary health care and services.
The 2024 edition of Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report warns that current efforts are not enough to achieve the SDG 7 on time. There has been some progress on specific elements of the SDG 7 agenda – for example, the increased rate of renewables deployment in the power sector – but progress is insufficient to reach the targets set forth in the SDGs
Quick links
Anbessie Yitbarek: Biggest hindrance in Africa airspace is inter-connectivity (The East African)
Africa’s freeports should boost trade and foreign exchange earnings (The Conversation)
The five hurdles to Africa’s continental free trade area (fDi Intelligence)
Shrinking Chinese demand, loan volumes weaken Africa’s growth prospects (ORF)
G20 in Fortaleza: world delegates seek solutions for global financial challenges (G20 Brasil 2024)
